[Executive Orders]

NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION

EO 12356

2 April 1982



                            TABLE OF CONTENTS
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   Preamble

   Part 1. Original Classification

   Sec.

   1.1                                Classification Levels

   1.2                                Classification Authority

   1.3                                Classification Categories

   1.4                                Duration of Classification

   1.5                                Identification and Markings

   1.6                                Limitations on Classification


   Part 2. Derivative Classification

   2.1                                Use of Derivative Classification

   2.2                                Classification Guides


   Part 3. Declassification and
    Downgrading

   3.1                                Declassification Authority

   3.2                                Transferred Information

   3.3                                Systematic Review for
                                       Declassification

   3.4                                Mandatory Review for
                                       Declassification


   Part 4. Safeguarding

   4.1                                General Restrictions on Access

   4.2                                Special Access Programs

   4.3                                Access by Historical Researchers
                                       and Former Presidential
                                       Appointees


   Part 5. Implementation and Review

   5.1                                Policy Direction

   5.2                                Information Security Oversight
                                       Office

   5.3                                General Responsibilities

   5.4                                Sanctions


   Part 6. General Provisions

   6.1                                Definitions

   6.2                                General

                    -------------------------------


     This Order prescribes a uniform system for classifying,
   declassifying, and safeguarding national security information.  It
   recognizes that it is essential that the public be informed
   concerning the activities of its Government, but that the interests
   of the United States and its citizens require that certain
   information concerning the national defense and foreign relations
   be protected against unauthorized disclosure.  Information may not
   be classified under this Order unless its disclosure reasonably
   could be expected to cause damage to the national security.

     NOW, by the authority vested in me as President by the
   Constitution and laws of the United States of America, it is hereby
   ordered as follows:


                     PART 1 - ORIGINAL CLASSIFICATION

                    SECTION 1.1 CLASSIFICATION LEVELS

     (a) National security information (hereinafter ''classified
   information'') shall be classified at one of the following three
   levels:

     (1) ''Top Secret'' shall be applied to information, the
   unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to
   cause exceptionally grave damage to the national security.

     (2) ''Secret'' shall be applied to information, the unauthorized
   disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to cause serious
   damage to the national security.

     (3) ''Confidential'' shall be applied to information, the
   unauthorized disclosure of which reasonably could be expected to
   cause damage to the national security.

     (b) Except as otherwise provided by statute, no other terms shall
   be used to identify classified information.

     (c) If there is reasonable doubt about the need to classify
   information, it shall be safeguarded as if it were classified
   pending a determination by an original classification authority,
   who shall make this determination within thirty (30) days.  If
   there is reasonable doubt about the appropriate level of
   classification, it shall be safeguarded at the higher level of
   classification pending a determination by an original
   classification authority, who shall make this determination within
   thirty (30) days.


                    SEC. 1.2 CLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY

     (a) Top Secret. The authority to classify information originally
   as Top Secret may be exercised only by:

     (1) the President;

     (2) agency heads and officials designated by the President in the
   Federal Register; and

     (3) officials delegated this authority pursuant to Section
   1.2(d).


     (b) Secret. The authority to classify information originally as
   Secret may be exercised only by:

     (1) agency heads and officials designated by the President in the
   Federal Register;

     (2) officials with original Top Secret classification authority;
   and

     (3) officials delegated such authority pursuant to Section
   1.2(d).


     (c) Confidential. The authority to classify information
   originally as Confidential may be exercised only by:

     (1) agency heads and officials designated by the President in the
   Federal Register;

     (2) officials with original Top Secret or Secret classification
   authority; and

     (3) officials delegated such authority pursuant to Section
   1.2(d).


     (d) Delegation of Original Classification Authority.

     (1) Delegations of original classification authority shall be
   limited to the minimum required to administer this Order. Agency
   heads are responsible for ensuring that designated subordinate
   officials have a demonstrable and continuing need to exercise this
   authority.

     (2) Original Top Secret classification authority may be delegated
   only by the President; an agency head or official designated
   pursuant to Section 1.2(a)(2); and the senior official designated
   under Section 5.3(a), provided that official has been delegated
   original Top Secret classification authority by the agency head.

     (3) Original Secret classification authority may be delegated
   only by the President; an agency head or official designated
   pursuant to Sections 1.2(a)(2) and 1.2(b)(1); an official with
   original Top Secret classification authority; and the senior
   official designated under Section 5.3(a), provided that official
   has been delegated original Secret classification authority by the
   agency head.

     (4) Original Confidential classification authority may be
   delegated only by the President; an agency head or official
   designated pursuant to Sections 1.2(a)(2), 1.2(b)(1) and 1.2(c)(1);
   an official with original Top Secret classification authority; and
   the senior official designated under Section 5.3(a), provided that
   official has been delegated original classification authority by
   the agency head.

     (5) Each delegation of original classification authority shall be
   in writing and the authority shall not be redelegated except as
   provided in this Order. It shall identify the official delegated
   the authority by name or position title.  Delegated classification
   authority includes the authority to classify information at the
   level granted and lower levels of classification.

     (e) Exceptional Cases. When an employee, contractor, licensee, or
   grantee of an agency that does not have original classification
   authority originates information believed by that person to require
   classification, the information shall be protected in a manner
   consistent with this Order and its implementing directives.  The
   information shall be transmitted promptly as provided under this
   Order or its implementing directives to the agency that has
   appropriate subject matter interest and classification authority
   with respect to this information.  That agency shall decide within
   thirty (30) days whether to classify this information.  If it is
   not clear which agency has classification responsibility for this
   information, it shall be sent to the Director of the Information
   Security Oversight Office. The Director shall determine the agency
   having primary subject matter interest and forward the information,
   with appropriate recommendations, to that agency for a
   classification determination.


                    SEC. 1.3 CLASSIFICATION CATEGORIES

     (a) Information shall be considered for classification if it
   concerns:

     (1) military plans, weapons, or operations;

     (2) the vulnerabilities or capabilities of systems,
   installations, projects, or plans relating to the national
   security;

     (3) foreign government information;

     (4) intelligence activities (including special activities), or
   intelligence sources or methods;

     (5) foreign relations or foreign activities of the United States;

     (6) scientific, technological, or economic matters relating to
   the national security;

     (7) United States Government programs for safeguarding nuclear
   materials or facilities;

     (8) cryptology;

     (9) a confidential source; or

     (10) other categories of information that are related to the
   national security and that require protection against unauthorized
   disclosure as determined by the President or by agency heads or
   other officials who have been delegated original classification
   authority by the President. Any determination made under this
   subsection shall be reported promptly to the Director of the
   Information Security Oversight Office.


     (b) Information that is determined to concern one or more of the
   categories in Section 1.3(a) shall be classified when an original
   classification authority also determines that its unauthorized
   disclosure, either by itself or in the context of other
   information, reasonably could be expected to cause damage to the
   national security.

     (c) Unauthorized disclosure of foreign government information,
   the identity of a confidential foreign source, or intelligence
   sources or methods is presumed to cause damage to the national
   security.

     (d) Information classified in accordance with Section 1.3 shall
   not be declassified automatically as a result of any unofficial
   publication or inadvertent or unauthorized disclosure in the United
   States or abroad of identical or similar information.


                   SEC. 1.4 DURATION OF CLASSIFICATION

     (a) Information shall be classified as long as required by
   national security considerations.  When it can be determined, a
   specific date or event for declassification shall be set by the
   original classification authority at the time the information is
   originally classified.

     (b) Automatic declassification determinations under predecessor
   orders shall remain valid unless the classification is extended by
   an authorized official of the originating agency.  These extensions
   may be by individual documents or categories of information.  The
   agency shall be responsible for notifying holders of the
   information of such extensions.

     (c) Information classified under predecessor orders and marked
   for declassification review shall remain classified until reviewed
   for declassification under the provisions of this Order.


                   SEC. 1.5 IDENTIFICATION AND MARKINGS

     (a) At the time of original classification, the following
   information shall be shown on the face of all classified documents,
   or clearly associated with other forms of classified information in
   a manner appropriate to the medium involved, unless this
   information itself would reveal a confidential source or
   relationship not otherwise evident in the document or information:

     (1) one of the three classification levels defined in Section 1.1;

     (2) the identity of the original classification authority if
   other than the person whose name appears as the approving or
   signing official;

     (3) the agency and office of origin; and

     (4) the date or event for declassification, or the notation
   ''Originating Agency's Determination Required.''

     (b) Each classified document shall, by marking or other means,
   indicate which portions are classified, with the applicable
   classification level, and which portions are not classified.
   Agency heads may, for good cause, grant and revoke waivers of this
   requirement for specified classes of documents or information.  The
   Director of the Information Security Oversight Office shall be
   notified of any waivers.

     (c) Marking designations implementing the provisions of this
   Order, including abbreviations, shall conform to the standards
   prescribed in implementing directives issued by the Information
   Security Oversight Office.

     (d) Foreign government information shall either retain its
   original classification or be assigned a United States
   classification that shall ensure a degree of protection at least
   equivalent to that required by the entity that furnished the
   information.

     (e) Information assigned a level of classification under
   predecessor orders shall be considered as classified at that level
   of classification despite the omission of other required markings.
   Omitted markings may be inserted on a document by the officials
   specified in Section 3.1(b).


                  SEC. 1.6 LIMITATIONS ON CLASSIFICATION

     (a) In no case shall information be classified in order to
   conceal violations of law, inefficiency, or administrative error;
   to prevent embarrassment to a person, organization, or agency; to
   restrain competition; or to prevent or delay the release of
   information that does not require protection in the interest of
   national security.

     (b) Basic scientific research information not clearly related to
   the national security may not be classified.

     (c) The President or an agency head or official designated under
   Sections 1.2(a)(2), 1.2(b)(1), or 1.2(c)(1) may reclassify
   information previously declassified and disclosed if it is
   determined in writing that (1) the information requires protection
   in the interest of national security; and (2) the information may
   reasonably be recovered.  These reclassification actions shall be
   reported promptly to the Director of the Information Security
   Oversight Office.

     (d) Information may be classified or reclassified after an agency
   has received a request for it under the Freedom of Information Act
   (5 U.S.C. 552) or the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C. 552a), or the
   mandatory review provisions of this Order (Section 3.4) if such
   classification meets the requirements of this Order and is
   accomplished personally and on a document-by-document basis by the
   agency head, the deputy agency head, the senior agency official
   designated under Section 5.3(a), or an official with original Top
   Secret classification authority.



                    PART 2 - DERIVATIVE CLASSIFICATION

                SEC. 2.1 USE OF DERIVATIVE CLASSIFICATION

     (a) Derivative classification is (1) the determination that
   information is in substance the same as information currently
   classified, and (2) the application of the same classification
   markings.  Persons who only reproduce, extract, or summarize
   classified information, or who only apply classification markings
   derived from source material or as directed by a classification
   guide, need not possess original classification authority.

     (b) Persons who apply derivative classification markings shall:

     (1) observe and respect original classification decisions; and

     (2) carry forward to any newly created documents any assigned
   authorized markings.  The declassification date or event that
   provides the longest period of classification shall be used for
   documents classified on the basis of multiple sources.


                      SEC. 2.2 CLASSIFICATION GUIDES

     (a) Agencies with original classification authority shall prepare
   classification guides to facilitate the proper and uniform
   derivative classification of information.

     (b) Each guide shall be approved personally and in writing by an
   official who:

     (1) has program or supervisory responsibility over the
   information or is the senior agency official designated under
   Section 5.3(a); and

     (2) is authorized to classify information originally at the
   highest level of classification prescribed in the guide.

     (c) Agency heads may, for good cause, grant and revoke waivers of
   the requirement to prepare classification guides for specified
   classes of documents or information.  The Director of the
   Information Security Oversight Office shall be notified of any
   waivers.


                PART 3 - DECLASSIFICATION AND DOWNGRADING

                   SEC. 3.1 DECLASSIFICATION AUTHORITY

     (a) Information shall be declassified or downgraded as soon as
   national security considerations permit.  Agencies shall coordinate
   their review of classified information with other agencies that
   have a direct interest in the subject matter.  Information that
   continues to meet the classification requirements prescribed by
   Section 1.3 despite the passage of time will continue to be
   protected in accordance with this Order.

     (b) Information shall be declassified or downgraded by the
   official who authorized the original classification, if that
   official is still serving in the same position; the originator's
   successor; a supervisory official of either; or officials delegated
   such authority in writing by the agency head or the senior agency
   official designated pursuant to Section 5.3(a).

     (c) If the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office
   determines that information is classified in violation of this
   Order, the Director may require the information to be declassified
   by the agency that originated the classification.  Any such
   decision by the Director may be appealed to the National Security
   Council. The information shall remain classified, pending a prompt
   decision on the appeal.

     (d) The provisions of this Section shall also apply to agencies
   that, under the terms of this Order, do not have original
   classification authority, but that had such authority under
   predecessor orders.


                     SEC. 3.2 TRANSFERRED INFORMATION

     (a) In the case of classified information transferred in
   conjunction with a transfer of functions, and not merely for
   storage purposes, the receiving agency shall be deemed to be the
   originating agency for purposes of this Order.

     (b) In the case of classified information that is not officially
   transferred as described in Section 3.2(a), but that originated in
   an agency that has ceased to exist and for which there is no
   successor agency, each agency in possession of such information
   shall be deemed to be the originating agency for purposes of this
   Order. Such information may be declassified or downgraded by the
   agency in possession after consultation with any other agency that
   has an interest in the subject matter of the information.

     (c) Classified information accessioned into the National Archives
   of the United States shall be declassified or downgraded by the
   Archivist of the United States in accordance with this Order, the
   directives of the Information Security Oversight Office, and agency
   guidelines.


             SEC. 3.3 SYSTEMATIC REVIEW FOR DECLASSIFICATION

     (a) The Archivist of the United States shall, in accordance with
   procedures and timeframes prescribed in the Information Security
   Oversight Office's directives implementing this Order,
   systematically review for declassification or downgrading (1)
   classified records accessioned into the National Archives of the
   United States, and (2) classified presidential papers or records
   under the Archivist's control.  Such information shall be reviewed
   by the Archivist for declassification or downgrading in accordance
   with systematic review guidelines that shall be provided by the
   head of the agency that originated the information, or in the case
   of foreign government information, by the Director of the
   Information Security Oversight Office in consultation with
   interested agency heads.

     (b) Agency heads may conduct internal systematic review programs
   for classified information originated by their agencies contained
   in records determined by the Archivist to be permanently valuable
   but that have not been accessioned into the National Archives of
   the United States.

     (c) After consultation with affected agencies, the Secretary of
   Defense may establish special procedures for systematic review for
   declassification of classified cryptologic information, and the
   Director of Central Intelligence may establish special procedures
   for systematic review for declassification of classified
   information pertaining to intelligence activities (including
   special activities), or intelligence sources or methods.


              SEC. 3.4 MANDATORY REVIEW FOR DECLASSIFICATION

     (a) Except as provided in Section 3.4(b), all information
   classified under this Order or predecessor orders shall be subject
   to a review for declassification by the originating agency, if:

     (1) the request is made by a United States citizen or permanent
   resident alien, a federal agency, or a State or local government;
   and

     (2) the request describes the document or material containing the
   information with sufficient specificity to enable the agency to
   locate it with a reasonable amount of effort.

     (b) Information originated by a President, the White House Staff,
   by committees, commissions, or boards appointed by the President,
   or others specifically providing advice and counsel to a President
   or acting on behalf of a President is exempted from the provisions
   of Section 3.4(a). The Archivist of the United States shall have
   the authority to review, downgrade and declassify information under
   the control of the Administrator of General Services or the
   Archivist pursuant to sections 2107, 2107 note, or 2203 of title
   44, United States Code. Review procedures developed by the
   Archivist shall provide for consultation with agencies having
   primary subject matter interest and shall be consistent with the
   provisions of applicable laws or lawful agreements that pertain to
   the respective presidential papers or records.  Any decision by the
   Archivist may be appealed to the Director of the Information
   Security Oversight Office. Agencies with primary subject matter
   interest shall be notified promptly of the Director's decision on
   such appeals and may further appeal to the National Security
   Council. The information shall remain classified pending a prompt
   decision on the appeal.

     (c) Agencies conducting a mandatory review for declassification
   shall declassify information no longer requiring protection under
   this Order. They shall release this information unless withholding
   is otherwise authorized under applicable law.

     (d) Agency heads shall develop procedures to process requests for
   the mandatory review of classified information.  These procedures
   shall apply to information classified under this or predecessor
   orders.  They shall also provide a means for administratively
   appealing a denial of a mandatory review request.

     (e) The Secretary of Defense shall develop special procedures for
   the review of cryptologic information, and the Director of Central
   Intelligence shall develop special procedures for the review of
   information pertaining to intelligence activities (including
   special activities), or intelligence sources or methods, after
   consultation with affected agencies.  The Archivist shall develop
   special procedures for the review of information accessioned into
   the National Archives of the United States.

     (f) In response to a request for information under the Freedom of
   Information Act (5 U.S.C. 552), the Privacy Act of 1974 (5 U.S.C.
   552a), or the mandatory review provisions of this Order:

     (1) An agency shall refuse to confirm or deny the existence or
   non-existence of requested information whenever the fact of its
   existence or non-existence is itself classifiable under this Order.

     (2) When an agency receives any request for documents in its
   custody that were classified by another agency, it shall refer
   copies of the request and the requested documents to the
   originating agency for processing, and may, after consultation with
   the originating agency, inform the requester of the referral.  In
   cases in which the originating agency determines in writing that a
   response under Section 3.4(f)(1) is required, the referring agency
   shall respond to the requester in accordance with that Section.


                          PART 4 - SAFEGUARDING

                 SEC. 4.1 GENERAL RESTRICTIONS ON ACCESS

     (a) A person is eligible for access to classified information
   provided that a determination of trustworthiness has been made by
   agency heads or designated officials and provided that such access
   is essential to the accomplishment of lawful and authorized
   Government purposes.

     (b) Controls shall be established by each agency to ensure that
   classified information is used, processed, stored, reproduced,
   transmitted, and destroyed only under conditions that will provide
   adequate protection and prevent access by unauthorized persons.

     (c) Classified information shall not be disseminated outside the
   executive branch except under conditions that ensure that the
   information will be given protection equivalent to that afforded
   within the executive branch.

     (d) Except as provided by directives issued by the President
   through the National Security Council, classified information
   originating in one agency may not be disseminated outside any other
   agency to which it has been made available without the consent of
   the originating agency.  For purposes of this Section, the
   Department of Defense shall be considered one agency.


                     SEC. 4.2 SPECIAL ACCESS PROGRAMS

     (a) Agency heads designated pursuant to Section 1.2(a) may create
   special access programs to control access, distribution, and
   protection of particularly sensitive information classified
   pursuant to this Order or predecessor orders.  Such programs may be
   created or continued only at the written direction of these agency
   heads.  For special access programs pertaining to intelligence
   activities (including special activities but not including military
   operational, strategic and tactical programs), or intelligence
   sources or methods, this function will be exercised by the Director
   of Central Intelligence.

     (b) Each agency head shall establish and maintain a system of
   accounting for special access programs.  The Director of the
   Information Security Oversight Office, consistent with the
   provisions of Section 5.2(b)(4), shall have nondelegable access to
   all such accountings.


    SEC. 4.3 ACCESS BY HISTORICAL RESEARCHERS AND FORMER PRESIDENTIAL
                                APPOINTEES

     (a) The requirement in Section 4.1(a) that access to classified
   information may be granted only as is essential to the
   accomplishment of authorized and lawful Government purposes may be
   waived as provided in Section 4.3(b) for persons who:

     (1) are engaged in historical research projects, or

     (2) previously have occupied policy-making positions to which
   they were appointed by the President.

     (b) Waivers under Section 4.3(a) may be granted only if the
   originating agency:

     (1) determines in writing that access is consistent with the
   interest of national security;

     (2) takes appropriate steps to protect classified information
   from unauthorized disclosure or compromise, and ensures that the
   information is safeguarded in a manner consistent with this Order;
   and

     (3) limits the access granted to former presidential appointees
   to items that the person originated, reviewed, signed, or received
   while serving as a presidential appointee.


                    PART 5 - IMPLEMENTATION AND REVIEW

                        SEC. 5.1 POLICY DIRECTION

     (a) The National Security Council shall provide overall policy
   direction for the information security program.

     (b) The Administrator of General Services shall be responsible
   for implementing and monitoring the program established pursuant to
   this Order. The Administrator shall delegate the implementation and
   monitorship functions of this program to the Director of the
   Information Security Oversight Office.


              SEC. 5.2 INFORMATION SECURITY OVERSIGHT OFFICE

     (a) The Information Security Oversight Office shall have a
   full-time Director appointed by the Administrator of General
   Services subject to approval by the President. The Director shall
   have the authority to appoint a staff for the Office.

     (b) The Director shall:

     (1) develop, in consultation with the agencies, and promulgate,
   subject to the approval of the National Security Council,
   directives for the implementation of this Order, which shall be
   binding on the agencies;

     (2) oversee agency actions to ensure compliance with this Order
   and implementing directives;

     (3) review all agency implementing regulations and agency
   guidelines for systematic declassification review.  The Director
   shall require any regulation or guideline to be changed if it is
   not consistent with this Order or implementing directives.  Any
   such decision by the Director may be appealed to the National
   Security Council. The agency regulation or guideline shall remain
   in effect pending a prompt decision on the appeal;

     (4) have the authority to conduct on-site reviews of the
   information security program of each agency that generates or
   handles classified information and to require of each agency those
   reports, information, and other cooperation that may be necessary
   to fulfill the Director's responsibilities.  If these reports,
   inspections, or access to specific categories of classified
   information would pose an exceptional national security risk, the
   affected agency head or the senior official designated under
   Section 5.3(a) may deny access.  The Director may appeal denials to
   the National Security Council. The denial of access shall remain in
   effect pending a prompt decision on the appeal;

     (5) review requests for original classification authority from
   agencies or officials not granted original classification authority
   and, if deemed appropriate, recommend presidential approval;

     (6) consider and take action on compliants and suggestions from
   persons within or outside the Government with respect to the
   administration of the information security program;

     (7) have the authority to prescribe, after consultation with
   affected agencies, standard forms that will promote the
   implementation of the information security program;

     (8) report at least annually to the President through the
   National Security Council on the implementation of this Order; and

     (9) have the authority to convene and chair interagency meetings
   to discuss matters pertaining to the information security program.


                    SEC. 5.3 GENERAL RESPONSIBILITIES

     Agencies that originate or handle classified information shall:

     (a) designate a senior agency official to direct and administer
   its information security program, which shall include an active
   oversight and security education program to ensure effective
   implementation of this Order.

     (b) promulgate implementing regulations.  Any unclassified
   regulations that establish agency information security policy shall
   be published in the Federal Register to the extent that these
   regulations affect members of the public;

     (c) establish procedures to prevent unnecessary access to
   classified information, including procedures that (i) require that
   a demonstrable need for access to classified information is
   established before initiating administrative clearance procedures,
   and (ii) ensure that the number of persons granted access to
   classified information is limited to the minimum consistent with
   operational and security requirements and needs; and

     (d) develop special contingency plans for the protection of
   classified information used in or near hostile or potentially
   hostile areas.


                            SEC. 5.4 SANCTIONS

     (a) If the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office
   finds that a violation of this Order or its implementing directives
   may have occurred, the Director shall make a report to the head of
   the agency or to the senior official designated under Section
   5.3(a) so that corrective steps, if appropriate, may be taken.

     (b) Officers and employees of the United States Government, and
   its contractors, licensees, and grantees shall be subject to
   appropriate sanctions if they:

     (1) knowingly, willfully, or negligently disclose to unauthorized
   persons information properly classified under this Order or
   predecessor orders;

     (2) knowingly and willfully classify or continue the
   classification of information in violation of this Order or any
   implementing directive; or

     (3) knowingly and willfully violate any other provision of this
   Order or implementing directive.

     (c) Sanctions may include reprimand, suspension without pay,
   removal, termination of classification authority, loss or denial of
   access to classified information, or other sanctions in accordance
   with applicable law and agency regulation.

     (d) Each agency head or the senior official designated under
   Section 5.3(a) shall ensure that appropriate and prompt corrective
   action is taken whenever a violation under Section 5.4(b) occurs.
   Either shall ensure that the Director of the Information Security
   Oversight Office is promptly notified whenever a violation under
   Section 5.4(b)(1) or (2) occurs.


                       PART 6 - GENERAL PROVISIONS

                           SEC. 6.1 DEFINITIONS

     (a) ''Agency'' has the meaning provided at 5 U.S.C. 552(e).

     (b) ''Information'' means any information or material, regardless
   of its physical form or characteristics, that is owned by, produced
   by or for, or is under the control of the United States Government.

     (c) ''National security information'' means information that has
   been determined pursuant to this Order or any predecessor order to
   require protection against unauthorized disclosure and that is so
   designated.

     (d) ''Foreign government information'' means:

     (1) information provided by a foreign government or governments,
   an international organization of governments, or any element
   thereof with the expectation, expressed or implied, that the
   information, the source of the information, or both, are to be held
   in confidence; or

     (2) information produced by the United States pursuant to or as a
   result of a joint arrangement with a foreign government or
   governments or an international organization of governments, or any
   element thereof, requiring that the information, the arrangement,
   or both, are to be held in confidence.

     (e) ''National security'' means the national defense or foreign
   relations of the United States.

     (f) ''Confidential source'' means any individual or organization
   that has provided, or that may reasonably be expected to provide,
   information to the United States on matters pertaining to the
   national security with the expectation, expressed or implied, that
   the information or relationship, or both, be held in confidence.

     (g) ''Original classification'' means an initial determination
   that information requires, in the interest of national security,
   protection against unauthorized disclosure, together with a
   classification designation signifying the level of protection
   required.


                             SEC. 6.2 GENERAL

     (a) Nothing in this Order shall supersede any requirement made by
   or under the Atomic Energy Act of 1954, as amended (42 U.S.C. 2011
   et seq.). ''Restricted Data'' and ''Formerly Restricted Data''
   shall be handled, protected, classified, downgraded, and
   declassified in conformity with the provisions of the Atomic Energy
   Act of 1954, as amended, and regulations issued under that Act.

     (b) The Attorney General, upon request by the head of an agency
   or the Director of the Information Security Oversight Office, shall
   render an interpretation of this Order with respect to any question
   arising in the course of its administration.

     (c) Nothing in this Order limits the protection afforded any
   information by other provisions of law.

     (d) Executive Order No. 12065 of June 28, 1978, as amended, is
   revoked as of the effective date of this Order.

     (e) This Order shall become effective on August 1, 1982.

                                                         Ronald Reagan.

      OFFICIALS DESIGNATED TO CLASSIFY NATIONAL SECURITY INFORMATION

     Order of the President of the United States, dated May 7, 1982,
   47 F.R. 20105, provided:

     Pursuant to the provisions of Section 1.2 of Executive Order No.
   12356 of April 2, 1982, entitled ''National Security Information,''
   (set out as a note above) I hereby designate the following
   officials to classify information originally as ''Top Secret'',
   ''Secret'', or ''Confidential'':

                                TOP SECRET

                    EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT:

     The Vice President

     The Counsellor to the President

     The Chief of Staff and Assistant to the President

     The Deputy Chief of Staff and Assistant to the President

     The Director, Office of Management and Budget

     The United States Trade Representative

     The Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

     The Director, Office of Science and Technology Policy

     The Chairman, The President's Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board

     The Chairman, The President's Intelligence Oversight Board

     The Secretary of State

     The Secretary of the Treasury

     The Secretary of Defense

     The Secretary of the Army

     The Secretary of the Navy

     The Secretary of the Air Force

     The Attorney General

     The Secretary of Energy

     The Chairman, Nuclear Regulatory Commission

     The Director, United States Arms Control and Disarmament Agency

     The Director of Central Intelligence

     The Administrator, National Aeronautics and Space Administration

     The Administrator of General Services

     The Director, Federal Emergency Management Agency


                                  SECRET

                    EXECUTIVE OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENT:

     The Chairman, Council of Economic Advisers

     The President's Personal Representative for Micronesian Status
   Negotiations

     The Secretary of Commerce

     The Secretary of Transportation

     The Administrator, Agency for International Development

     The Director, International Communication Agency


                               CONFIDENTIAL

     The President, Export-Import Bank of the United States

     The President, Overseas Private Investment Corporation

     The Administrator, Environmental Protection Agency

     Any delegation of this authority shall be in accordance with
   Section 1.2(d) of the Order.

     This Order shall be published in the Federal Register.

                                                         Ronald Reagan.



     Order of the President of the United States, dated May 4, 1990,
   55 F.R. 19235, provided:

     Pursuant to the provisions of Section 1.2 of Executive Order No.
   12356 of April 2, 1982, entitled ''National Security Information,''
   (set out as a note above) I hereby designate the Director of
   National Drug Control Policy to classify information originally as
   ''Top Secret.''

     This order shall be published in the Federal Register.

                                                           George Bush.