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TITLE 28

Notes on TITLE 28

THIS TITLE WAS ENACTED BY ACT JUNE 25, 1948, CH. 646, SEC. 1, 62 STAT. 869

Part Sec. I. Organization of Courts 1 II. Department of Justice 501 III. Court Officers and Employees 601 IV. Jurisdiction and Venue 1251 V. Procedure 1651 VI. Particular Proceedings 2201

AMENDMENTS

1966 - Pub. L. 89-554, Sec. 4(a), Sept. 6, 1966, 80 Stat. 611, substituted ''Department of Justice'' for ''United States Attorneys and Marshals'' in item for part II.

Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title 28
Title 28 Former SectionsTitle 28 New Sections
1-4bb132-134
1 nt133
5135
5aT. 48 Sec. 1392a
5bElim.
6, 7751
8751, 954
9604, 755
9a1915
9a(a)753, 1920
9a(b)753
9a(c)550, 604, 753, 1915
9a(d)753
9a(e)1915
9bRep. See Civ. Proc. R. 75.
10457
11, 12Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 6(c), Cr. Proc. R. 45(c).
13452
14Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 45(c).
15141
16140, 296
17291, 292, 295, 296
18296
19Rep.
20295
21292
22291, 296
23296
24455
25144
26143
27137
41(1)1331, 1332, 1341, 1342, 1345, 1354, 1359
41(2)Rep.
41(3)1333, 1356
41(4)Rep.
41(5)1340
41(6)1339
41(7)1338
41(8)1337
41(9)1355
41(10)Rep.
41(11)1357
41(12-14)1343
41(15)1344
41(16)1348
41(17)1350
41(18)1351
41(19)1334
41(20)1346, 2401, 2402
41(21)Rep.
41(22)Rep.
41(23)1337
41(24)1353
41(25)1357, 1399
41(26)1335, 1397, 2361
41(27), (28)1336
421349
431398
442321
45Rep.
45a2323
462324
471253, 2101, 2284, 2325
47a1253, 2101, 2284
482322
49-51Rep.
52Elim.
53T. 15 Sec. 146a
711441, 1445, 1447
721446, 1447
73Rep.
741443, 1446, 1447
751446
761442, 1446, 1447
771442
781449
791450
801359, 1447, 1919
811447
82Rep.
831447, 1448
101T. 18 Sec. 3235
102T. 18 Sec. 3238
103T. 18 Sec. 3237
1041395
1051396
106-1081395
1091400, 1694
1101394
1111391
1121391, 1401, 1693, 1695
1131392
1141393, 1441
115Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4(f).
1161392
117754, 1692
1181655
1191404
120Rep.
1211405; T. 18 Sec. 3240
1221656
123Rep.
124959; T. 18 Sec. 1911
124a960
125959
126458
127957
128604, 752
141Rep.
14281
14382
14483
14584
14685, 140
14786
14887
14989
149a, 149bRep.
15090
150aRep.
15192
15293
15394
154, 155Rep.
156, 156a95
15796
15897
15998
16099
161Rep.
162Rep.
1631404
164Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 77.
165Rep.
166100
167101
168102
169103
170104
171105
172106
173107
174108
175109
176110
177111
178, 178a112
179113
179aElim.
180114
181115, 1865
182116, 138
182a116
183117
184118
184aElim.
185120
186121
186aElim.
187122
188123
189124
189aElim.
190125
191126
192, 192a127
193128
194129
195130
196131
21141
211aRep.
21243, 46
21344
213a-213hElim.
214Rep.
21542
21645, 47, 292
216a45
217Rep.
218231, 456
2192071
220547
221711, 956
222711, 954
222a604, 712
22348
224Rep.
225(a)1291, 1293
225(b)1292
225(c)Rep.
225(d)1294
225(e), (f)Rep.
226Rep.
2271292
227a1292, 2107
228, 228aRep. See Civ. Proc. R. 73.
229Rep.
2302107
2312108
241171, 173, 453
242Rep.
243174, 175
244791, 795, 956
245604
246952
247Rep.
248415, 791
249T. 18 Sec. 282
250(1)1491, 1501
250(2)1503, 2501
250(3)1496
250a1497, 2501
250bRep.
251Rep.
2522508
2532512
2541493, 2510
2552510
256Rep.
2571492, 2509
2582412
2591502
259aT. 25 Sec. 70w (Rep. See T. 28 Sec. 1505).
2601500
2612502
2622501
263792, 2071
264459, 953
265Rep. See Ct. Claims R. 1, 10, 16 et seq. (FOOTNOTE 1)
266Rep. See Ct. Claims R. 10. (FOOTNOTE 1)
267, 268Rep.
268a604, 793
269792, 2503
270456, 792, 794
271Rep.
2722507
273Rep.
2742504
275, 275a2505
2762503
277Rep. See Ct. Claims R. 40 et seq. (FOOTNOTE 1)
2782503
278a604, 793
279, 2802514
281, 2822515
2832520
283a791, 2520
2842516
2852517
2862519
2871494, 2511
2881255
289791
290, 291Rep.
2922506
293Rep.
296251-254, 456, 1581, 2071, 2639, 2640
296a456
2972636
301211-213, 215, 293, 296
301a213
301b(See former 301a)
302214, 452, 456, 604
303604, 832
304604, 831, 956, 957, 1926
305604, 831, 833, 834, 956
306604, 834
307211, 2071
3081256, 1541
309Rep.
309a1542
3102601
311Rep.
312216
3211
3224
3233
3245
325671-673
326671, 1737
327671, 954
328675
3296
3301911
331672
332, 333673
334411
335412
336Elim.
337413
3382
339, 340Rep.
3411251
3421651
3431872
3441257, 2103, 2106
345Rep.
346, 3471254
348, 349Rep.
349a1252, 2101
3502101
3512102
352Rep. See Sup. Ct. R. 32.
353Rep.
354676
371(1)Rep.
371(2)1355
371(3)1333
371(4)1333, 1356
371(5)1338
371(6)1334
371(7)1251
371(8)1251, 1351
372453
373454
374456
374aElim.
374b604
374c, 374d752
375136, 294, 371
375a294, 371
375b-375d372
375eRep.
375f294
375g, 375h373
376, 3771651
377a-377cD.C. Code, Sec. 16-3501 to 16- 3503
378Rep.
3792283
3801253, 2101, 2281, 2284
380a1253, 2101, 2282, 2284
381Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 65.
382Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 65(c).
383Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 65(d).
384Rep.
385459; T. 18 Sec. 401
386T. 18 Sec. 402, 3691
387T. 18 Sec. 402
388Rep.
389T. 18 Sec. 402, 3691
390T. 18 Sec. 3285
390aT. 18 Sec. 402
391Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 59, 61; Cr. Proc. R. 33, 52.
392T. 18 Sec. 3043
393T. 22 Sec. 258a
3941654
395556, 955
396556, 955
397, 398Rep.
3991653
4002201, 2202
4012403
402374
4111861
412, 412a1864
4131865
414Rep.
4151861, 1863
4161867, 1868
4171866, 1868
417aRep. See Cr. Proc. R. 24(c).
4181866
419T. 18 Sec. 3321
420Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(c).
421Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(a), (g).
422Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 6(g).
4231869
4241870
425Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 24(b).
426Rep.
430, 430aRep.
431-432aRep.
433, 434Rep.
441-443Rep.
444601, 603, 606, 608
445602, 603, 607
446604, 609
447604, 605
448332
449333, 456
450333, 604, 610
451-4532241
4542242
455-4612243
4622252
463(a)2253
463(b)-(d)Rep.
464Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 73-75, 81(a)(2).
4652251
4662253
481501
481aElim.
482504
483502
484550
485-489547
490541
490aElim.
491541
492, 493542
494543
495548
496-498564
499564, 1737
500-502564
503547
504549
504aT. 18 Sec. 3053
505550
506546
507554
508555
509, 510Rep.
511506, 544, 545
512951
513, 514952, 1737
515-517952
518, 519Rep.
520Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 81(b).
521Rep.
522T. 18 Sec. 2076
523953
523a, 523b457
524505, 541, 751
525636, 953
526631
527631, 958
528638
528a638, 639
529Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 55.
530413, 414
530aElim.
531T. 18 Sec. 1910
541, 542671
5431913
544604, 711, 961, 962
545604
546711
547604, 713
548Rep.
5491914
550, 551Rep.
5521917
5531914
554Rep.
5551914
556Rep.
557604, 751
558604
559Rep.
560604, 962
561, 561a604
562604, 962
563604, 961
564Rep.
565, 566604
567-569751
570Rep.
571, 5721923
572aT. 18 Sec. 155
573Rep.
574553, 1921
575Rep.
576553
577551, 1929
5781923
578a551
578b, 578cRep.
579508, 552
580508
581Rep.
582, 583552, 553
584, 584a, 585553
586509, 550
586aRep.
587509, 553
588, 589Rep.
590T. 18 Sec. 203
591Rep.
592509
593510
594502
595, 596604, 755
597-597c635
598-599a636
600-600b1871
600c1821, 1825
600dRep.
601Elim.
6021824
603-604a1823
605Rep.
606, 607T. 44 Sec. 325, 326 (See Rev. T. 44 Table)
6081825, 1871
609Rep.
631Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 43.
632T. 18 Sec. 3481
633Rep.
634T. 18 Sec. 3486
635Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 43(a).
636Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 34, 55.
6372072, 2073
6381731
639-641Note prec. 1781
642Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 28.
643, 644Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 26 et seq.
645Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 27(a)(4).
646Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 26 et seq.
647Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 45; Cr. Proc. R. 17.
648Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 45(d); Cr. Proc. R. 17(f).
649-6521782
6531781, 1782
654Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 45(e)(1); Cr. Proc. R. 17(e).
655Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 45; Cr. Proc. R. 17.
656Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 17(b).
657Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 46(b).
658Rep.
659Rep. See Cr. Proc. R. 46(b).
660Rep.
661-6671733
668T. 18 Sec. 3497
669Rep.
6701743
6711733
672Rep.
6731744
6741745
675Rep.
6761736
6771740
678-680Rep.
681-6841734
685, 6861735
6871738
6881739
6891742
690T. 30 Sec. 53
6951732
695aT. 18 Sec. 3491
695bT. 18 Sec. 3492
695cT. 18 Sec. 3493
695dT. 18 Sec. 3494
695e1741
695e-1T. 22 Sec. 4222
695fT. 18 Sec. 3495
695gT. 18 Sec. 3496
695hRep.
7011782
7021785
703, 7041782
711-7131783
714-7181784
7211691
722Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4.
7232071, 2073
723aT. 18 Sec. 3772
723a-1T. 18 Sec. 3771
723b, 723c2072
724Rep.
7251652
726Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 64.
727Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 69.
728Rep.
729T. 42 Sec. 1988
7302072, 2073
7312071
732-734Rep.
735Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4; Cr. Proc. R. 4, 9; Adm. R. 1. (FOOTNOTE 2)
736Rep.
737See 2710
738See 2711
739See 2712
740See 2713
741See 2714
742See 2715
743See 2716
744See 2717
745Rep.
746Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 64.
7472463
748-7502405
751, 752Rep.
753Adm. R. 6-8, 10, 12 (FOOTNOTE 2)
7542464
755-757Rep.
758636
759, 760Rep.
7612071, 2072
7621402
763Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4(d), 12(a), 55(e).
764Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 52, 75.
7652411
7662409
767Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4(h).
768Rep. See Sup. Ct. R. 20.
769Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 40.
7701873
771Adm. R. 46 1/2 (FOOTNOTE 2)
772Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 39(c), 48.
773Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 38 et seq.
7742406
775Rep.
776Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 46, 63, 75.
777Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 1, 15, 61.
778-780Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 25, 81.
780a2404
7812407
782Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 12(a).
783Rep.
784T. 19 Sec. 579
7851874
786Rep.
787T. 19 Sec. 580
788See 2718
789Rep.
790Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 75; Adm. R. 49. (FOOTNOTE 2)
7912462
7922284
8111961
811aRep.
8121962
813Rep.
8141962
815Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 41(d), 42(a), 54(d), 68.
816Rep.
817Elim.
8182465
819Rep.
820Rep.
8211928
8221918
823, 824Rep.
825Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 42(a).
826Rep.
8272465
8281922
8291927
8301920
8311924
832-8361915
8371916
838Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 4.
8392413
840Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 59, 62.
841Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 62(f).
8422006
843-8452007
8462005
8472001
8482004
8492002
8502003
8512041
8522042
861Rep.
861aRep.
861bElim.
862Rep.
863Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 75; Adm. R. 49. (FOOTNOTE 2)
864Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 75(k).
865-867Rep.
868Rep. See Sup. Ct. R. 10, 36.
869Rep.
8702408
8712104
872Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 73.
873Rep.
874Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 62(d), 73(d); Sup. Ct. R. 36.
875Rep. See Civ. Proc. R. 46, 52, 73, 75.
876, 8772106
8781912
8792105
880Rep.
901, 9022410
9031444
904, 9052410
906Rep.
9212672
9222673
931(a)1346, 1402, 2402, 2411, 2412, 2674
931(b)2675, 2676
9321346, 2411
933(a)(1)1291
933(a)(2)1504, 2110
933(b)Rep.
9342677
9412671
9422401
9432680
9442678
9452679
946Elim.

[1] Court of Claims Rules were replaced by U.S. Claims Court Rules effective Oct. 1, 1982, and subsequently by United States Court of Federal Claims Rules effective Dec. 4, 1992. (FOOTNOTE 2) Admiralty Rules were superseded July 1, 1966, by Supplemental Rules for Certain Admiralty and Maritime Claims.

ENACTMENT INTO LAW; CITATION

Section 1 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 869, provided in part: ''That title 28 of the United States Code, entitled 'Judicial Code and Judiciary' is hereby revised, codified, and enacted into law, and may be cited as 'Title 28, United States Code, section _ _ _.' '

LEGISLATIVE CONSTRUCTION

Section 33 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 991, provided that: ''No inference of a legislative construction is to be drawn by reason of the chapter in Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, in which any section is placed, nor by reason of the catchlines used in such title.'

SEPARABILITY

Section 34 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 991, provided that: ''If any part of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, as set out in section 1 of this Act, shall be held invalid, the remainder shall not be affected thereby.'

EFFECTIVE DATE

Section 38 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 992, provided that: ''The provisions of this Act shall take effect on September 1, 1948.'

REPEALS; RIGHTS AND LIABILITIES SAVED

Section 39 of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 992, repealed the sections or parts thereof of the Revised Statutes of the United States, Statutes at Large, or the Revised Statutes of the District of Columbia covering provisions codified in this title, but saved any rights or liabilities then existing under said sections or parts thereof.

R.S. Sec. 1012 as affected by act Mar. 3, 1911, ch. 231, Sec. 291, 36 Stat. 1167 (section 880 of former Title 28, Judicial Code and Judiciary), provided that appeals from district courts shall be subject to the same rules, regulations, and restrictions as are or may be prescribed in law in cases of writs of error. This provision was repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 39, 62 Stat. 992. Section 2 of act Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, 45 Stat. 54, as amended Apr. 26, 1928, ch. 440, 45 Stat. 466; June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 23, 62 Stat. 990 (section 861b of former Title 28, Judicial Code and Judiciary), provided that: ''All Acts of Congress referring to writs of error shall be construed as amended to the extent necessary to substitute appeal for writ of error.'

WRITS OF ERROR

Act Jan. 31, 1928, ch. 14, Sec. 1, 45 Stat. 54 (section 861a of former Title 28, Judicial Code and Judiciary), provided that: ''The writ of error in cases, civil and criminal, is abolished. All relief which heretofore (Jan. 31, 1928) could be obtained by writ of error shall hereafter be obtainable by appeal.'' This provision was omitted from the 1948 Revised Judicial Code as obsolete, and repealed by act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, Sec. 39, 62 Stat. 992

TITLE 28 AS CONTINUATION OF EXISTING LAW; CHANGE OF NAME OF CIRCUIT COURTS OF APPEALS

Section 2(b) of act June 25, 1948, ch. 646, 62 Stat. 985, provided that: ''The provisions of Title 28, Judiciary and Judicial Procedure, of the United States Code, set out in section 1 of this Act, with respect to the organization of each of the several courts therein provided for and of the Administrative Office of the United States Courts, shall be construed as continuations of existing law, and the tenure of the judges, officers, and employees thereof and of the United States attorneys and marshals and their deputies and assistants, in office on the effective date of this Act (Sept. 1, 1948), shall not be affected by its enactment, but each of them shall continue to serve in the same capacity under the appropriate provisions of title 28, as set out in section 1 of this Act, pursuant to his prior appointment: Provided, however, That each circuit court of appeals shall, as in said title 28 set out, hereafter be known as a United States court of appeals. No loss of rights, interruption of jurisdiction, or prejudice to matters pending in any of such courts on the effective date of this Act shall result from its enactment.'

TITLE REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This title is referred to in title 5 section 8477; title 9 section 4; title 10 section 1054; title 11 section 105; title 12 section 2244; title 16 sections 18i, 558c, 742l, 823b, 3375; title 22 sections 2702, 4606, 6082; title 29 section 2897; title 38 section 7316; title 42 sections 233, 300g-3, 300i-1, 300j-23, 3789h, 5055, 8433; title 43 section 1737; title 48 sections 1424-4, 1614, 1821, 1824

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