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TITLE 46

Notes on TITLE 46

THIS TITLE WAS ENACTED BY PUB. L. 98-89, SEC. 1, AUG. 26, 1983, 97 STAT. 500; PUB. L. 99-509, TITLE V, SUBTITLE B, SEC. 5101, OCT. 21, 1986, 100 STAT. 1913; PUB. L. 100-424, SEC. 6, SEPT. 9, 1988, 102 STAT. 1591; AND PUB. L. 100-710, NOV. 23, 1988, 102 STAT. 4735

Subtitle Sec.

I. GENERAL 101 II. VESSELS AND SEAMEN 2101 III. MARITIME LIABILITY 30101

(BALANCE OF TITLE RESERVED)

AMENDMENTS

1988 - Pub. L. 100-710, title I, Sec. 102(b), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4738, amended title analysis generally, substituting ''GENERAL'' for ''(Reserved - general)'' in item I and adding item

III.

Table Showing Disposition of All Sections of Former Title 46 (Former sections of Title 46 that are not included in Title 46, Pub. L. 99-509, section 6 of Pub. L. 100-424, and Pub. L. 100-710 ar
Title 46 Former SectionsTitle 46 New Sections
1Rep.
22103
3Rep.
42105
5, 6Rep.
72107
82108
9 (less (c))3316
9(c)46 App.
11, 12Rep.
13, 1446 App.
15-41Rep.
4246 App.
43-56Rep.
5746 App.
58Rep.
5946 App.
60-63Rep.
65(1)2101(10)
65(2)2101(11)
65(3)2101(34)
65a12113
65b12102
65c12114
65d12115
65e12103
65f12116
65g12104
65h12105
65i12106
65j12107
65k12108
65l12109
65m12110
65n12122
65o12111
65p12112
65q12117
65r12118
65s12119
65t12120
65u2107, 12122(a)
65v(1)2104
65v(2)12121
65w12101
7112102, 14102, 14104, 14501, 14502, 14504, 14511, 14521, 14522
7214503
73, 74Rep.
7514512
76Rep.
7714502, 14512
78, 79Rep.
80(See former 660-1)
8114306
823101
8314502, 14513
83a-83g14513
83h14102
83i14702
83j14701
83k2107
85-85gRep.
865114, 5115
86a5101
86b5102
86c5102, 5103, 5104, 5106
86d5107
86e5108
86f5109
86g5112
86h5113
86i5116
885102
88a5104, 5108
88b5103, 5107
88c5112
88d5109
88e5112
88f5113
88g5116
88h, 88iRep.
9146 App.
91a-96Rep.
97, 9846 App.
99Rep.
10046 App.
101, 102Rep.
103Rep.
10446 App.
105-110Rep.
11146 App.
112, 113Rep.
121-12546 App.
126, 127Rep.
128, 12946 App.
130, 131Rep.
132-13546 App.
141-14646 App.
151-162Rep.
16346 App.
1703306(a)(5), Rep. in part
170(14)2106
170a, 170bRep.
171-175Rep.
178, 179Rep.
181-18346 App.
183aRep.
183b-19646 App.
20111301
20211302
20311303
2118501(a)
2128501(b)
2138501(c), (e)
2147101
214(c)7106
2158501(d), 8502
216(a)9301(2)
216(b)2101(34)
216(c)9301(3)
216(d)9301(1)
216(e), (f)Rep.
216a9302(a), (b), (d)
216b(a)-(c)9303
216b(d)9305
216b(e)9304
216c9303
216d9305
216e(a)-(c)9308
216e(d)2107
216e(e)2106
216f9302(c)
216g9306
216h9307
216iRep.
2218103
2228101
2238301
2247101, 8101
224a8303, 8304
224a(2)7111
2257106, 7109, 7113
2267101, 7106, 7703
227Rep.
2287101, 7106, 7703
2297101, 7106, 7703
229a7101, 7103
229b7101, 7103
229c7106, 7108, 7318
229dRep.
229e7105
229f7110
229g7103, 7318
229hRep.
2307112
2317105
2327110
2337109
2343315
2358104
2368103
237, 238Rep.
2396101, 6301, 7703
239(d)6303
239(e)6304, 7705
239(f)6304
239(g)6305, 7701
239(i)6306
239(j)6301, 6307
239(k)6305
239a(a)7503(a), 7704(a)
239a(b)2101(34)
239a(c)7302
239b(a)7503(b)
239b(b)7704(b), (c)
2407703
2418304
2427101, 7102, 8302(a)-(d)
2437101, 7104, 7107, 7108
2447101, 7105
2458302(g), (h)
246(a)8302(a)-(d)
246(b)Rep.
246(c)7703
2477101
2488302
249-249cRep.
251-251b46 App.
252-261Rep.
26246 App.
263-276Rep.
27746 App.
278-288Rep.
289-29246 App.
293-293bRep.
294-315Rep.
31646 App.
317, 318Rep.
319-32446 App.
325Rep.
326-32846 App.
329, 330Rep.
3312110
332-335Rep.
33646 App.
351-353Rep.
354, 35546 App.
3612101(16), (37)
3622109, 3301(9), 3314
362(a)3303
362(b)3504
362(c)3505
3632109
3648502
365Rep.
3663306
3672101(16), (33), 2303, 3301(7), 3302
3693305, 3306, 3316
369(b)3503
369(e)3318
371Rep.
3722103
373-374aRep.
3753306
376-382a-1Rep.
382b2104, 2111, 2112
382b-13317(b)
382c-385Rep.
3903302, 3304
390(a)2101(21)(B)
390(b)2101(35)
390(d)2101(34)
390(e)2101(13)
390(f)2101(27)
390(g)2101(30)
390(h)2101(28)
390(i)2101(29)
390a3301(4), (5), (8), 3305
390a(a)3307(2)
390a(b)3317(a), 7114
390b3306, 8901, 8902
390c3303(a), 3309, 3311
390c(b), (c)3313
390d2106, 3318(a), 8906
390e-390gRep.
3913301(1), (4), (9), 3304, 3305
391(b)3307(3)
391(c)2101(22), 3307(1)
391(e)3302
391a3301(10), 3702, 8502
391a(2)(A)2101(9)
391a(2)(B)2101(12)
391a(2)(C)2101(14)
391a(2)(D)2101(15)
391a(2)(E)2101(20)
391a(2)(F)3701(4)
391a(2)(G)2101(24)
391a(2)(H)2101(5)
391a(2)(I)2101(34)
391a(2)(J)3701(5)
391a(2)(K)3701(6)
391a(2)(L)2101(46)
391a(2)(M)2101(38)
391a(2)(N)2101(8)
391a(2)(O)2101(23)
391a(2)(P)3701(2)
391a(2)(Q)3701(3)
391a(2)(R)3701(1)
391a(2)(S)2101(7)
391a(3)2101(39), 2301, 3303, 3702(a)
391a(4)2109
391a(4)(B)8703(c)
391a(5)3702
391a(6)3703
391a(7)3704-3709
391a(8)3309, 3313
391a(8)(A)3710, 3712
391a(8)(B)3711, 3712
391a(8)(C)3711
391a(8)(D)3710
391a(8)(E)3710, 3711
391a(9)9102
391a(10)(A)8703(a)
391a(10)(B)9101(b)
391a(10)(C)7317, 8703(b)
391a(10)(D)Rep. See 7701 et seq.
391a(11)9101(a)
391a(12)3703
391a(13)3713
391a(14)2107, 3718
391a(14)(C)2106
391a(15)3714
391a(16)3717
391a(17)3715
391a(18)3716
391bRep.
3923304-3306
392(b)3307(3)
393, 394Rep.
3953301(6), 3305, 3311
395(d)3309
395(e)2101(32)
396, 397Rep.
3983318
3993309, 3311, 3314
4003312
401, 402Rep.
4033318
4042101(13), (16), (17), 3301(1), 3302, 3306, 3307
404-13301(3), 3305, 3501
404-1(1)2101(19)
404-1(4)2101(21)(C)
404-1(6)3307(2), (3)
404-1(8)8301
404aRep.
4052101(40), 3301(9), 3305
405(b)8104
405(b)(1)(A)2101(34)
405(b)(2)8904
405(b)(3)8905(b)
4063305
4073305, 3318
4083305, 3306, 3318
409Rep.
4103318
411, 4123306
4133318
4143310, 7502
415Rep.
4162104, 3306
417(See former 416)
418, 419Rep.
4203302, 3306
431-434Rep.
4353308, 3313
4362106, 3318
437-440Rep.
44146 App.
441(1)2101(18)
441(2)2101(31)
4423302
44346 App.
4448701
44446 App.
4452113, 3306
446-446c46 App.
446d8101
4513501
4523501(b), (c)
4532113
454-457T. 33 Sec. 1233-1236
458Rep.
4593306
460, 460a, 4613502
4622106, 3501, 3502
463, 463a, 464Rep.
465(See former 170)
466Rep.
466a3901
466b3902
467-469Rep.
470, 4718102
472Rep.
4733306
474-476Rep.
477-4793306
4802301
4812106, 3306
481(a)2101(34)
481(c)2106
481(d)3318
482, 4833306
484-488Rep.
4893306
490Rep.
49146 App.
4923506
493-496Rep.
4972106, 3318, 8502
498Rep.
511-522Rep.
5262101(43)
526a-526dRep.
526e4102(b)
526fRep.
526g4102(a)
526h4103
526i4102(c)
526j4102(d)
526k-526nRep.
526o2106, 2107, 4106
526p2107, 3306, 4104
526q-526tRep.
526u4101
527-527hRep.
53110601
532Rep. See 11501
533, 53410602
541-542aRep.
5432104
544, 545Rep.
54610102
547-549Rep.
561, 562Rep.
56311110
56410301, 10302
56510305
56610301
567, 56810321
56910309
57010308
57110321
572, 573Rep.
57410301, 10501, 10502
57510508
57610509
57710307
57811107
579Rep.
59110313(a)
59210313(b)
59310313(b)
59410313(c)
59510313(d)
59610313(e)-(i), 10504
5972101(12), 10313(e)-(i), 10504
59810313(e), 10504(a), (d), 10505(d)
5992101(12), 10314, 10315, 10505, 10506
599(g)10316
60010317
60111108, 11109
60211111
603-608, 611Rep.
62110701, 10702
62210703
62310711
62410704, 10705
62510706
62610707
62710709
62810708, 10710
641, 64210310
6438701, 8702, 10102(c), 10311, 10503
643(a)7302, 7303, 7318
643(b)7304
643(c)7302, 10306
643(e)10311
643(f)7319, 7502
643(h)7501
643(l)7316, 10103
643a8701
643bRep.
64410312(a), (b), (d)-(f)
645, 646, 651Rep.
65210312(c)
65310901, 10902(a), 10907
65410901, 10903(a), (b)
65510901, 10904
65610901, 10905
65710905
65810901, 10906, 10908
65910903(c)
66010903(d)
660-111101
660a3305, 3308
660b3308
66110321
66210902(b)
663Rep.
66410907
66510321, 11106(b)-(d)
66611102(a)
66711102(b)
668, 669Rep.
670, 67111103
6728701, 8702
672(a)2101(34)
672(b)7306
672(b)(1)7307
672(b)(2)7308
672(b)(3)7309, 7310
672(b)(4)7311
672(c)7301, 7315
672(d)8702(d)
672(e)8702(b), (c)
672(f)7312
672(g)7313, 7314
672(h)8103
672(i)7302
672(j)2106, 8702(e)
672-1, 672-2Rep.
672a8103
672b, 672b-1, 672cRep.
6738104
674-677Rep.
67811104(a)
67911104(b)-(d)
680, 681Rep.
68210318, 10507
68310318, 10507
68411105
68511106(a)
686, 687Rep.
68846 App.
6892103, 2104
6908103
691Sec. 2(f) of Pub. L. 98-89
692Rep.
70111501
70211502
70311503
704T. 18 Sec. 2196
70511504
70611505
70710319
708T. 18 Sec. 2279
709Rep.
71011506
710aRep.
710b(See former 239a)
710c(See former 239b)
711Rep.
71211507
71310101, 10303, 10304
721-72746 App.
7282304
729-73146 App.
732-735Rep.
738, 738a46 App.
738bRep.
738c46 App.
738dRep.
740-75246 App.
761, 76246 App.
763Rep.
763a-76846 App.
781-79046 App.
791-799Rep.
801-80346 App.
804Rep.
804a46 App.
805-807Rep.
80846 App.
808(4th par.)31328
809-810aRep.
81146 App.
812-817cRep.
817d, 817e46 App.
818-832Rep.
83346 App.
833aRep.
834-83746 App.
83831306
83946 App.
840-841cRep.
84246 App.
843-848Rep.
86146 App.
862-864Rep.
864, 864b46 App.
865-86946 App.
870-870dRep.
871, 87246 App.
873, 874Rep.
875-87746 App.
878-880Rep.
8813305, 3316, 12119
8823304
883-88546 App.
886Rep.
887-88946 App.
89146 App.
891aRep.
891b, 891c46 App.
891d-891rRep.
891s, 891tRep.
891u-891x46 App.
891yRep.
911(1), (2)30101(1)
911(3)Rep.
911(4)30101(1)
911(5)31301(3)
92131321(a)(1), (e)
922(a), (b)31322(a)(1)
922(b)31301(6)(A)
922(c), (d)Rep.
922(e), (f)31322(c)
92331324
92431323(a), (b)
92531343
925(b)31321(f), (h)
926(a), (b)31321(b)
926(c)Rep.
926(d)31322(b)
92731302(1), (2)
941(a)Rep.
941(b) (1st sentence)31330(a), (c)
941(b) (last sentence)31323(c)
941(c)31304
951 (1st par.)31325(a), (b)(1), (c), (d)
951 (2d par. less proviso)31301(6)(B)
951 (2d par. proviso)31326(b)(2)
952 (1st, 2d sentences)31325(e)
952 (last sentence)31308
953(a)31301(5)
953(b)31326(a), (b)(1)
954(a)31325(b)(2)
954(b)31303
961(a)Rep.
961(b)31327
961(c)31326(a)
961(d), (e)31328
961(f)31329
97131342
97231341
97331341(a)
97431305
97531307
981-984Rep.
1011Rep.
101231321(a)(2)
1013, 1014Rep.
110146 App.
1111-1111a46 App.
1111b, 1111cRep.
111246 App.
1113Rep.
1114-111946 App.
1119a, 1119bRep.
1120-1125a46 App.
1126Rep.
1126-146 App.
1126a, 1126a-1Rep.
1126b, 1126b-1Rep.
1126c, 1126dRep.
1127-1128hRep.
113146 App.
11328103
1132(a)7102
1132(g)8302
1141-1144Rep.
1145Rep.
1151-115546 App.
1155aRep.
1156-116146 App.
1171-118146 App.
1182Rep.
1183-118546 App.
1191-120546 App.
1206Rep.
1211-121346 App.
1214Rep.
1221Rep.
1222, 122346 App.
1224, 1225Rep.
1226-122846 App.
1241-124246 App.
1242-1Rep.
1242a46 App.
1243Rep.
1244, 124546 App.
1246Rep.
1247, 124846 App.
1251-1262Rep.
1271-127546 App.
1276-1279Rep.
1279a46 App.
1279bRep.
1279c-1295e46 App.
1295f(a), (b)46 App.
1295f(c)2101(17), 3301(2), 3306, 3307(1)
1295f(d)(1)46 App.
1295f(d)(2), (3)3318(g)
1295g(a)-(d)46 App.
1295g(e)(1)2101(17)
1295g(e)(2)-(5)Rep.
1300-131546 App.
1331-1341Rep.
1351-1364Rep.
1381-1388Rep.
1401-1413Rep.
1451Rep.
1452(1)(A), (B)2101(25)
1452(1)(C)2101(42)
1452(2)2101(45)
1452(3)2101(41)
1452(5)2101(21)(D)
1452(7)2101(26)
1452(8)2101(1)
1452(9)2101(34)
1452(10)2102(2)
1452(11)2102(1)
1452(12)2102(4)
1452(13)2102(5)
1452(14)2102(3)
14534105, 4301
1454, 14554302
14564302(a)(3)
14574303
14584305
14594306
14604304, 4306
1461(a)4307(a)
1461(b)4311(f)
1461(c)4307(b)
1461(d)2302(a), (b)
1461(e)8903
1461(f)8903, 8905(a)
14624308
14634309
14644310
1464(g)4302
14652303
146612301
146712302
146812303
146912304
147012305
147112306
147212307
147312308
147413101
147513102
147613103
147713104
147813105
147913106
1479a13107
148013108
148113109
148213110
14832302(b), 4311(a), 12309(a)
1484(a)4311(b)
1484(b)2106, 2302(a), (c), 4311(c), 12309(b)
1484(c)2107
1484(d)4311(d), 12309(c)
14852305, 4311(e)
14866101, 6102
1487Rep.
14884302
14894311(g)
1501-150746 App.
1508Rep.
1601-160546 App.
1606Rep.
1607-161046 App.
1707aRep.
1717Rep.
1720Rep.
1721Rep.

ENACTING CLAUSES

Pub. L. 100-710, title I, Sec. 102(a), Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4738, provided that: ''Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to definitions and maritime commercial instruments and liens, are revised, consolidated, and enacted by paragraph (3) of this subsection (probably means subsection (c) of this section) as subtitle III of title 46, United States Code, 'Shipping'.''

Section 1 of Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 500, provided in part that: ''Certain general and permanent laws of the United States, related to vessels and seamen, are revised, consolidated, and enacted as title 46, United States Code, 'Shipping' ''

CONSTRUCTION

Section 105 of Pub. L. 100-710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4751, provided that: ''(a) A reference to a law replaced by section 102 of this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this Act. ''(b) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by section 102 of this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded. ''(c) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by section 102 of this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this Act. ''(d) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by section 102 of this Act. ''(e) If a provision of this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in any of its applications, the provision remains valid for all valid applications that are severable from any of the invalid applications.''

Section 5103(a)-(f) of Pub. L. 99-509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1927, provided that: ''(a) Laws effective after January 1, 1986, that are inconsistent with this subtitle supersede this subtitle to the extent of the inconsistency. ''(b) A reference to a law replaced by this subtitle, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this subtitle. ''(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by this subtitle continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this subtitle until repealed, amended, or superseded. ''(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by this subtitle is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this subtitle. ''(e) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by this subtitle. ''(f) If a provision enacted by this subtitle is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this subtitle is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid application or applications.''

Section 2(a)-(f) of Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 598, provided that: ''(a) Laws effective after December 31, 1982, that are inconsistent with this Act supersede this Act to the extent of the inconsistency. ''(b) A reference to a law replaced by this Act, including a reference in a regulation, order, or other law, is deemed to refer to the corresponding provision of this Act. ''(c) An order, rule, or regulation in effect under a law replaced by this Act continues in effect under the corresponding provision of this Act until repealed, amended, or superseded. ''(d) An action taken or an offense committed under a law replaced by this Act is deemed to have been taken or committed under the corresponding provision of this Act. ''(e) An inference of legislative construction is not to be drawn by reason of the caption or catch line of a provision enacted by this Act. ''(f) If a provision enacted by this Act is held invalid, all valid provisions that are severable from the invalid provision remain in effect. If a provision of this Act is held invalid in one or more of its applications, the provision remains in effect in all valid applications that are severable from the invalid application or applications.'

CODIFICATION OF SHIPPING AND MARITIME LAWS BY FEDERAL MARITIME COMMISSION AND SECRETARY OF TRANSPORTATION

Section 2(j) of Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, provided that: ''Within 2 years after the date of enactment of this Act (Aug. 26, 1983), the Federal Maritime Commission and the Secretary of Transportation each shall submit to Congress a proposed codification of the laws within their respective jurisdictions related to shipping and maritime matters.'

REPEALS AND SAVINGS PROVISIONS

Section 106(a) of Pub. L. 100-710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4752, provided that: ''The repeal of a law by this title may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.''

Section 106(b) of Pub. L. 100-710, title I, Nov. 23, 1988, 102 Stat. 4752, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before the effective date of this title, which is Jan. 1, 1989, with certain exceptions and qualifications, see section 107 of Pub. L. 100-710, set out as a note under section 30101 of this title.

Section 5104(a) of Pub. L. 99-509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1928, provided that: ''The repeal of a law by this subtitle may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.''

Section 5104(b) of Pub. L. 99-509, title V, subtitle B, Oct. 21, 1986, 100 Stat. 1928, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Oct. 21, 1986.

Section 4(a) of Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, provided that: ''The repeal of a law by this Act may not be construed as a legislative implication that the provision was or was not in effect before its repeal.''

Section 4(b) of Pub. L. 98-89, Aug. 26, 1983, 97 Stat. 599, repealed specified laws relating to shipping, except for rights and duties that matured, penalties that were incurred, and proceedings that were begun before Aug. 26, 1983, and except as provided by section 2 of Pub. L. 98-89, set out as notes above and notes under sections 3101, 3302, 3715, and 6301 of this title

TITLE REFERRED TO IN OTHER SECTIONS

This title is referred to in section 1273a of Appendix to this title; title 7 section 5602; title 19 section 1609; title 26 section 415; title 33 section 59aa; title 42 section 9607

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